Physiological responses also can be measured via instruments that read bodily events such as heart rate change, electrodermal activity (EDA), muscle tension, and cardiac output. Merits to self-report are an emphasis on accurately understand the participants' subjective experience and understanding their perception however, its pitfalls include the possibility of participants misunderstanding a scale or incorrectly recalling events. Evaluative reports involve participant introspection and self-ratings of internal psychological states or physiological sensations, such as self-report of arousal levels on the self-assessment manikin, or measures of interoceptive visceral awareness such as heartbeat detection. Psychophysiology measures exist in multiple domains reports, electrophysiological studies, studies in neurochemistry, neuroimaging and behavioral methods. While psychophysiology was a discipline off the mainstream of psychological and medical science prior to roughly the 1940s, more recently, psychophysiology has found itself positioned at the intersection of psychological and medical science, and its popularity and importance have expanded commensurately with the realization of the inter-relatedness of mind and body. Psychophysiology is also related to the medical disciplines, such as endocrinology, psychosomatics and psychopharmacology. Psychophysiology is closely related to the field of neuroscience, which primarily concerns itself with relationships between psychological events and brain processes. Often, physiological psychologists examine the effects that they study in infrahuman subjects using surgical or invasive techniques and processes. Overlaps in areas of interest between psychophysiologists and physiological psychologist may consist of observing how one cardiovascular event may influence another cardiovascular or endocrine event, or how activation of one neural brain structure exerts excitatory activity in another neural structure which then induces an inhibitory effect in some other system. A psychophysiologist may look at how exposure to a stressful situation will produce a result in the cardiovascular system such as a change in heart rate (HR), vasodilation/vasoconstriction, myocardial contractility, or stroke volume. More recently, psychophysiologists have been equally, or potentially more, interested in the central nervous system, exploring cortical brain potentials such as the many types of event-related potentials (ERPs), brain waves, and utilizing advanced technology such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), MRI, PET, MEG, and other neuroimagery techniques. Historically, most psychophysiologists tended to examine the physiological responses and organ systems innervated by the autonomic nervous system. It is this perspective of studying the interface of mind and body that makes psychophysiologists most distinct. While early psychophysiologists almost always examined the impact of psychological states on physiological system responses, since the 1970s, psychophysiologists also frequently study the impact of physiological states and systems on psychological states and processes. Psychophysiologists generally study the psychological/physiological link in intact human subjects. A psychophysiologist will attempt to link the two. Psychologists are interested in why we may fear spiders and physiologists may be interested in the input/output system of the amygdala. Some people have difficulty distinguishing a psychophysiologist from a physiological psychologist, two very different perspectives. ( August 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.
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